Modern Smallholders: Creating Diversified Livelihoods and Landscapes in Indonesia

Encouraging smallholders to diversify their livelihoods has been a long-held policy objective of many governments create resilient rural communities that can cope with seasonal variations in food production and price fluctuations commercial markets. Due the dynamic nature smallholders’ livelihoods, relative contribution different sources household income often remains unclear. Recent research Indonesia used survey stratified sample (n = 240) eight villages (five districts) obtain data importance agroforestry. The analysed from same households (80%) collected 2013, 2017 2020, providing longitudinal income. Results revealed important information about Indonesia’s economy, whereby received most off-farm (56% income). While still reported farming as primary occupation, families’ are diverse mainly supported by non-farm enterprises. Even mix enterprises is evolving, agroforestry prominent land-use source (29% income), indicating intentionally diversifying livelihoods. Our found conventional agricultural generated just 14% income, yet vital for security. high proportion implications land management development across Indonesia, forgo intensification systems instead opt diversification—and at scale, creating landscapes